Looking back on the 2022 FIFA World Cup: A tournament of surprises and controversy

Argentina's football players celebrate with the World Cup trophy after winning the final match with France at the Lusail Stadium in Lusail, Qatar. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)
Argentina's football players celebrate with the World Cup trophy after winning the final match with France at the Lusail Stadium in Lusail, Qatar. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

After a month of football, the 2022 FIFA Men’s World Cup in Qatar has concluded with Argentina beating France 4-2 in a penalty shootout after drawing 3-3. Record numbers of fans were expected to watch the nail-biting final match at the Lusail Stadium just outside of the Qatari capital Doha.

France’s Kylian Mbappé won the golden boot trophy awarded to the tournament’s top goal scorer. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)
France’s Kylian Mbappé won the golden boot trophy awarded to the tournament’s top goal scorer. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

The tournament featured a highly competitive group stage, increased global representation in the knockout rounds, dramatic upsets and outstanding individual performances — highlighted by Argentina’s great Lionel Messi and emerging superstar Kylian Mbappé of France.

From the moment FIFA announced Qatar as the 2022 World Cup host in 2010, non-sporting controversy has plagued the event. In addition to bribery charges against FIFA officials, questions were raised about the suitability of a small nation with limited football history or infrastructure hosting the World Cup.

Complicating the choice of Qatar further was the desert nation’s hot summers which made scheduling the event in its normal June-July timeframe impractical — necessitating the move to November-December, which European football associations viewed as disrupting their regular schedules.

Moroccan players celebrate after becoming the first African and Arab team to reach the semi-finals at the World Cup. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)
Moroccan players celebrate after becoming the first African and Arab team to reach the semi-finals at the World Cup. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

Politics and sport

Beyond the logistical issues, the 2022 World Cup will also be remembered as one of the most politically scrutinized sporting events in recent times. A sampling of global politics intersecting with the World Cup include:

Human rights criticisms

Human rights groups criticized Qatar’s laws banning homosexuality and its poor treatment of migrant workers. Millions of migrant workers live in Qatar, with an estimated one million employed in the construction industry.

According to a report by The Guardian, 6,500 of these migrant workers — mostly from South Asia — died in Qatar in the years since FIFA’s decision to award the country the World Cup.

Qatari authorities have challenged The Guardian’s report, claiming the number of migrant worker deaths were in line with expected mortality rates. And officials also highlight the legacy that the World Cup will provide Qatar, including modernized infrastructure for a diversified economy and social progress, including labour reforms, to better protect vulnerable migrant workers.

At a news conference before the opening match, FIFA President Gianni Infantino said the West should not criticize Qatar and instead apologize for its own human rights abuses. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)
At a news conference before the opening match, FIFA President Gianni Infantino said the West should not criticize Qatar and instead apologize for its own human rights abuses. (AP Photo/Martin Meissner)

During the event’s opening ceremony, American actor Morgan Freeman appeared on the field with Ghanim al-Muftah — a young Qatari social media celebrity born with a lower spine impairment — to emphasize the world as “one big tribe.” Qatar’s emir, Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani welcomed the world to his nation, and asked for people to “put aside what divides them” and engage in “human and civilized communications.”

The gentle tone of Qatar’s leader contrasted with FIFA President Gianni Infantino’s angry hour long speech the previous day calling out the West’s hypocrisy and demanding Europe apologize for the next 3,000 years for its human rights abuses.

Throughout the tournament, our project has been highlighting this intersection of global politics and the World Cup. Every match tells a story about international affairs — sometimes directly through football, other times tangentially. But the reality is sport always happens in times and places and the political dimension cannot be ignored or set aside despite pleas from gatekeepers such as FIFA who want to better the world while appearing to stay on the political sidelines.

U.S. actor Morgan Freeman, left, with FIFA World Cup Ambassador Ghanim al-Muftah at the FIFA World Cup opening ceremony in Doha, Qatar. (AP Photo/Hassan Ammar)
U.S. actor Morgan Freeman, left, with FIFA World Cup Ambassador Ghanim al-Muftah at the FIFA World Cup opening ceremony in Doha, Qatar. (AP Photo/Hassan Ammar)

Diverging opinions

As the tournament concludes, assessments will begin: was it a success beyond the sport? The answer is — it’s complicated. Defenders of Qatar as host will likely point to the nation’s lasting infrastructure enhancements and employment of cutting-edge sustainability practices; the significance of bringing the World Cup to the Middle East and building cultural bridges through a peaceful sporting event; and the opportunity for Qatar to showcase its modern identity.

Detractors will point to the treatment of migrant workers, the estimated US$200 billion price tag and the sportswashing of Qatar’s image.

To capture these divergent ways of looking at the intersection of sport and politics, Tim Elcombe created the REI/BCI continuum. One can view Qatar’s hosting of the World Cup from a positive perspective: an opportunity for Qatar to develop meaningful resources (R), to engage the world in productive dialogue (E) and to show the world Qatar’s identity (I).

At the same time, a negative view of the 2022 World Cup host would emphasize the waste of resources (and loss of life) to put on a four-week “show” (Bread and Circus) for the purpose of washing its image through sport (BCI).

Regardless of which view holds sway, the 2022 FIFA World Cup reminds us that sport is complex and tense — both on and off the field.

This article is republished from The Conversation, an independent nonprofit news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts. It was written by: Tim Elcombe, Wilfrid Laurier University; Alanna Harman, Wilfrid Laurier University, and Alun Hardman, Cardiff Metropolitan University. If you found it interesting, you could subscribe to our weekly newsletter.

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Tim Elcombe receives funding from from the Balsillie School of International Affairs.

Alanna Harman and Alun Hardman do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.