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Polymers
Special Issues
Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
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Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

A special issue of Polymers (ISSN 2073-4360). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymer Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2022) | Viewed by 15681

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Antonio Guerrero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain
Interests: heat-set gels; sol–gel transitions; processing of foods; food rheology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Alberto Romero García

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
Interests: biopolymers; bioplastics; by-products; colloids; emulsions; freeze-drying; gelation; hydrogels; nanomaterials; rheology; scaffolds; tissue engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Víctor Manuel Pérez Puyana

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
Interests: biopolymers; food waste recovery; rheology; innovative processing technologies; functional foods; sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The convergence of materials science with materials engineering leads to the combination of the production and characterization of materials for different specific applications. Today, polymer-based materials have been proposed for different applications such as packaging, the pharmaceutical industry or even in regenerative medicine. Among them, regenerative medicine is an emerging field in which polymers play a key role in the fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering. Aiming to explore this concept, this Special Issue will focus on the development and characterization of polymer-based scaffolds with potential applications in regenerative medicine. In this sense, the studies involved can be devoted to the current trends for polymer-based biomaterials and their possible applications, as well as the study of traditional and emerging processing techniques.

Submissions can cover the following topics (but are not limited to them):

  • Convectional processing techniques for polymer-based scaffolds;
  • Emerging processing techniques for polymer-based scaffolds;
  • Characterization of polymer-based scaffolds (mechanical, morphological, functional and/or biological evaluation);
  • Nanomaterials

We kindly encourage you to submit a manuscript(s) for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Prof. Dr. Antonio Guerrero
Prof. Dr. Alberto Romero
Dr. Víctor Manuel Pérez Puyana
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Polymers is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • biopolymers
  • synthetic polymers
  • scaffolds
  • processing techniques
  • mechanical characterization
  • microstructural characterization
  • biological characterization
  • nanotechnology
  • regenerative medicine

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 6986 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Pore Directionality of Collagen Scaffolds on Cell Differentiation and In Vivo Osteogenesis
by Miguelangel Moncayo-Donoso, Gustavo A. Rico-Llanos, Diego A. Garzón-Alvarado, José Becerra, Rick Visser and Marta R. Fontanilla
Polymers 2021, 13(18), 3187; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13183187 - 20 Sep 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2983
Abstract
Although many bone substitutes have been designed and produced, the development of bone tissue engineering products that mimic the microstructural characteristics of native bone remains challenging. It has been shown that pore orientation within collagen scaffolds influences bone matrix formation by the endochondral [...] Read more.
Although many bone substitutes have been designed and produced, the development of bone tissue engineering products that mimic the microstructural characteristics of native bone remains challenging. It has been shown that pore orientation within collagen scaffolds influences bone matrix formation by the endochondral route. In addition, that the unidirectional orientation of the scaffolds can limit the growth of blood vessels. However, a comparison between the amount of bone that can be formed in scaffolds with different pore orientations in addition to analyzing the effect of loading osteogenic and proangiogenic factors is still required. In this work we fabricated uni- and multidirectional collagen sponges and evaluated their microstructural, physicochemical, mechanical and biological characteristics. Although the porosity and average pore size of the uni- and multidirectional scaffolds was similar (94.5% vs. 97.1% and 260 µm vs. 269 µm, respectively) the unidirectional sponges had a higher tensile strength, Young’s modulus and capacity to uptake liquids than the multidirectional ones (0.271 MPa vs. 0.478 MPa, 9.623 MPa vs. 3.426 MPa and 8000% mass gain vs. 4000%, respectively). Culturing of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells demonstrated that these scaffolds support cell growth and osteoblastic differentiation in the presence of BMP-2 in vitro, although the pore orientation somehow affected cell attachment and differentiation. The evaluation of the ability of the scaffolds to support bone growth when loaded with BMP-2 or BMP-2 + VEGF in an ectopic rat model showed that they both supported bone formation. Histological analysis and quantification of mineralized matrix revealed that the pore orientation of the collagen scaffolds influenced the osteogenic process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering)
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21 pages, 11631 KiB  
Article
Sonication-Assisted Method for Decellularization of Human Umbilical Artery for Small-Caliber Vascular Tissue Engineering
by Chih-Hsun Lin, Kai Hsia, Chih-Kuan Su, Chien-Chin Chen, Chang-Ching Yeh, Hsu Ma and Jen-Her Lu
Polymers 2021, 13(11), 1699; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111699 - 22 May 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2841
Abstract
Decellularized vascular grafts are useful for the construction of biological small-diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts (≤6 mm). Traditional chemical decellularization requires a long treatment time, which may damage the structure and alter the mechanical properties. Decellularization using sonication is expected to solve this problem. [...] Read more.
Decellularized vascular grafts are useful for the construction of biological small-diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts (≤6 mm). Traditional chemical decellularization requires a long treatment time, which may damage the structure and alter the mechanical properties. Decellularization using sonication is expected to solve this problem. The aim of this study was to develop an effective decellularization method using ultrasound followed by washing. Different power values of sonication at 40 kHz were tested for 2, 4, and 8 h followed by a washing procedure. The efficacy of sonication of decellularized human umbilical artery (sDHUA) was evaluated via DNA content, histological staining, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. The sDHUAs were further implanted into rats for up to 90 days and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed for the implanted grafts. The results demonstrated that treatment of human umbilical artery (HUA) by sonication at ultrasonic power of 204 W for 4 h followed by washing for 24 h in 2% SDS buffer could eliminate more than 90% of cells and retain similar mechanical properties of the HUA. Recellularization was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which indicated that sDHUA provided niches for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to reside, indicating in vitro cytocompatibility. Further implantation tests also indicated the fitness of the sonication-treated HUA as a scaffold for small-caliber tissue engineering vascular grafts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering)
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16 pages, 2549 KiB  
Article
Polydioxanone-Based Membranes for Bone Regeneration
by Sybele Saska, Livia Pilatti, Edvaldo Santos de Sousa Silva, Magda Aline Nagasawa, Diana Câmara, Nelson Lizier, Eduardo Finger, Marta Dyszkiewicz Konwińska, Bartosz Kempisty, Samy Tunchel, Alberto Blay and Jamil Awad Shibli
Polymers 2021, 13(11), 1685; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111685 - 21 May 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3427
Abstract
Resorbable synthetic and natural polymer-based membranes have been extensively studied for guided tissue regeneration. Alloplastic biomaterials are often used for tissue regeneration due to their lower immunoreactivity when compared with allogeneic and xenogeneic materials. Plenum® Guide is a synthetic membrane material based [...] Read more.
Resorbable synthetic and natural polymer-based membranes have been extensively studied for guided tissue regeneration. Alloplastic biomaterials are often used for tissue regeneration due to their lower immunoreactivity when compared with allogeneic and xenogeneic materials. Plenum® Guide is a synthetic membrane material based on polydioxanone (PDO), whose surface morphology closely mimics the extracellular matrix. In this study, Plenum® Guide was compared with collagen membranes as a barrier material for bone-tissue regeneration in terms of acute and subchronic systemic toxicity. Moreover, characterizations such as morphology, thermal analysis (Tm = 107.35 °C and crystallinity degree = 52.86 ± 2.97 %, final product), swelling (thickness: 0.25 mm ≅ 436% and 0.5 mm ≅ 425% within 24 h), and mechanical tests (E = 30.1 ± 6.25 MPa; σ = 3.92 ± 0.28 MPa; ε = 287.96 ± 34.68%, final product) were performed. The in vivo results revealed that the PDO membranes induced a slightly higher quantity of newly formed bone tissue than the control group (score: treated group = 15, control group = 13) without detectable systemic toxicity (clinical signs and evaluation of the membranes after necropsy did not result in differences between groups, i.e., non-reaction -> tissue-reaction index = 1.3), showing that these synthetic membranes have the essential characteristics for an effective tissue regeneration. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were seeded on PDO membranes; results demonstrated efficient cell migration, adhesion, spread, and proliferation, such that there was a slightly better hASC osteogenic differentiation on PDO than on collagen membranes. Hence, Plenum® Guide membranes are a safe and efficient alternative for resorbable membranes for tissue regeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering)
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10 pages, 4204 KiB  
Article
Incorporation of Elastin to Improve Polycaprolactone-Based Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle via Electrospinning
by Victor Perez-Puyana, Paula Villanueva, Mercedes Jiménez-Rosado, Fernando de la Portilla and Alberto Romero
Polymers 2021, 13(9), 1501; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13091501 - 06 May 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2472
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration is increasingly necessary, which is reflected in the increasing number of studies that are focused on improving the scaffolds used for such regeneration, as well as the incubation protocol. The main objective of this work was to improve the characteristics [...] Read more.
Skeletal muscle regeneration is increasingly necessary, which is reflected in the increasing number of studies that are focused on improving the scaffolds used for such regeneration, as well as the incubation protocol. The main objective of this work was to improve the characteristics of polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds by incorporating elastin to achieve better cell proliferation and biocompatibility. In addition, two cell incubation protocols (with and without dynamic mechanical stimulation) were evaluated to improve the activity and functionality yields of the regenerated cells. The results indicate that the incorporation of elastin generates aligned and more hydrophilic scaffolds with smaller fiber size. In addition, the mechanical properties of the resulting scaffolds make them adequate for use in both bioreactors and patients. All these characteristics increase the biocompatibility of these systems, generating a better interconnection with the tissue. However, due to the low maturation achieved in biological tests, no differences could be found between the incubation with and without dynamic mechanical stimulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering)
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14 pages, 3863 KiB  
Article
Early Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells Treated with Nanohydroxyapatite–Silica–Glass Ionomer Cement
by Hii Siew Ching, Kannan Thirumulu Ponnuraj, Norhayati Luddin, Ismail Ab Rahman and Nik Rozainah Nik Abdul Ghani
Polymers 2020, 12(9), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12092125 - 17 Sep 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2725
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of nanohydroxyapatite–silica–glass ionomer cement (nanoHA–silica–GIC) on the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into odontogenic lineage. DPSCs were cultured in complete Minimum Essential Medium Eagle—Alpha Modification (α-MEM) with or without nanoHA–silica–GIC extract and [...] Read more.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of nanohydroxyapatite–silica–glass ionomer cement (nanoHA–silica–GIC) on the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into odontogenic lineage. DPSCs were cultured in complete Minimum Essential Medium Eagle—Alpha Modification (α-MEM) with or without nanoHA–silica–GIC extract and conventional glass ionomer cement (cGIC) extract. Odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs was evaluated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT–PCR) for odontogenic markers: dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen type I (COL1A1), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) on day 1, 7, 10, 14, and 21, which were normalized to the house keeping gene glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Untreated DPSCs were used as a control throughout the study. The expressions of DSPP and DMP1 were higher on days 7 and 10, that of OCN on day 10, those of OPN and ALP on day 14, and that of RUNX2 on day 1; COL1A1 exhibited a time-dependent increase from day 7 to day 14. Despite the above time-dependent variations, the expressions were comparable at a concentration of 6.25 mg/mL between the nanoHA–silica–GIC and cGIC groups. This offers empirical support that nanoHA–silica–GIC plays a role in the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering)
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